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Neonatal Congenital Anomalies

Neonatal congenital anomalies, also known as birth defects, are structural or functional abnormalities present at birth. They can affect various organ systems and can range from mild to severe. These anomalies can affect any part of the body, including organs, limbs, and systems. They may arise due to genetic factors, environmental influences, or a combination of both. Some common types of neonatal congenital anomalies include heart defects, cleft lip or palate, neural tube defects, and limb abnormalities. The prevalence of congenital anomalies varies depending on the specific anomaly and geographical location. Congenital anomalies can be classified into structural anomalies, functional anomalies, or a combination of both. Structural anomalies involve abnormalities in the structure or form of a body part or organ. Functional anomalies, on the other hand, affect the function or how a body part or organ works.

About the Speaker

Dr.Bharat Parmar

PROFESSOR AND HEAD OF PAEDIATRICS at ZYDUS MEDICAL College, Civil Hospital.

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Pediatric Urological Emergencies

Pediatric urological emergencies encompass a range of critical conditions affecting the urinary system in children, requiring immediate medical attention. One common emergency is testicular torsion, where the twisting of the spermatic cord cuts off blood flow to the testicle, causing severe pain and potential testicular loss if not promptly addressed. Renal colic due to kidney stones can be excruciating for children, necessitating emergency care to manage pain and facilitate stone passage or removal. Priapism, a prolonged and painful erection in males, especially when unrelated to sexual arousal, is a pediatric urological emergency demanding immediate attention to prevent tissue damage.Fournier's gangrene, a rare but life-threatening condition, can affect children, causing rapidly spreading tissue infection in the genital and perineal areas, demanding urgent surgical intervention.

Clinical approach to Cough in Pediatrics

When assessing and managing cough in pediatric patients, a systematic clinical approach is essential to identify the underlying cause and provide appropriate care. Begin by obtaining a detailed history, including the onset, duration, and characteristics of the cough, as well as associated symptoms. Recognize that the causes and management of cough can vary significantly with the child's age. Evaluate the severity of the cough and its impact on the child's daily activities, sleep, and feeding. Inquire about environmental factors such as exposure to tobacco smoke, allergens, or irritants. Verify the child's immunization status, as some vaccine-preventable diseases can cause cough. Review the child's medical history, including any previous respiratory conditions, allergies, or chronic diseases.

Neurological Disorders in Children

Neurological disorders in children encompass a wide range of conditions affecting the developing nervous system. Common disorders include epilepsy, characterized by recurrent seizures that can impact a child's daily life and development. Cerebral palsy, a non-progressive disorder, affects movement, posture, and muscle coordination due to brain damage during early life. Autism spectrum disorders, marked by difficulties in social interaction and communication, fall within the neurological realm. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) leads to challenges in sustaining attention, impulse control, and hyperactive behavior. Genetic conditions like Down syndrome affect both cognitive and neurological functions, leading to varying degrees of intellectual and developmental disabilities. Pediatric migraines can be debilitating, causing severe headaches, sensitivity to light, and nausea. Tourette syndrome manifests as involuntary movements and vocalizations, known as tics, that often appear during childhood. Developmental coordination disorder (DCD) affects motor skills, causing difficulties in activities like writing, tying shoelaces, and using utensils

Transposition of Great Arteries : Clues on prenatal Diagnosis

Transposition of the Great Arteries (TGA) is a congenital heart defect in which the two main arteries, the aorta, and the pulmonary artery, are switched in their positions. Prenatal diagnosis of TGA is crucial as it allows for early intervention after birth. Routine fetal ultrasounds can provide the first clues. Suspicion arises when the normal cross over between the great arteries is not visualized. Blood flow patterns can be assessed with Doppler ultrasound. Other cardiac abnormalities might be detected during prenatal ultrasounds, such as a ventricular septal defect (VSD) often associated with TGA.

Clinical approach : Acute Myocarditis & Cardiomyopathy in Children

Acute myocarditis and cardiomyopathy are serious heart conditions affecting children. Myocarditis involves inflammation of the heart muscle, often triggered by viral infections. Cardiomyopathy encompasses various heart muscle diseases, including hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, the most common type in children. Symptoms may include chest pain, rapid heartbeat, fatigue, and swelling. Diagnosis involves tests like echocardiograms, and treatment varies based on the cause and severity, including medications, supportive care, and in some cases, heart transplantation. Early medical attention is crucial for better outcomes. Pediatric cardiologists play a vital role in managing these conditions in children.