Description
Obesity and metabolic disorders have become significant public health concerns worldwide. Nutrition interventions play a crucial role in managing and preventing these conditions. Obesity is a complex condition characterized by excessive body fat accumulation. It increases the risk of developing metabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and certain cancers. Poor dietary habits, sedentary lifestyle, and genetic factors contribute to the development of obesity. Maintaining a healthy energy balance is key to managing obesity. It involves consuming an appropriate amount of calories that matches the body's energy needs. Nutrition interventions focus on promoting a negative energy balance by reducing calorie intake and increasing energy expenditure through physical activity. Increasing dietary fiber intake through whole grains, fruits, vegetables, and legumes can aid in weight management. Fiber-rich foods provide satiety, improve glycemic control, and promote a healthy gut
Summary Listen
- Obesity is a disease process associated with increased health risks, not merely a state of high BMI or waist circumference. It is driven by underlying diseases and classified under endocrine, nutritional, and metabolic diseases. Obesity is considered multifactorial, resulting from a cumulative effect of various factors, including positive energy balance where dietary energy intake exceeds expenditure, often exacerbated by sedentary lifestyles.
- Globally, obesity is a significant issue with a large percentage of people being overweight or obese. The definition of obesity is recognized as a chronic disease by medical associations, urging increased treatment opportunities and insurance coverage. Obesity is defined using BMI, a simple tool for screening, but it has limitations as it doesn't directly relate to body fat. Waist circumference is an alternate measure that indicates body fat accumulation and relates to health risk.
- Causes of obesity are multifactorial, including food, inactivity, genetic, environmental, behavioral, and medications. Long-term excessive energy intake leads to lipid deposition, particularly triglycerides, in skeletal muscles, liver, and subcutaneous adipose tissue. This causes tissue remodeling and releases inflammatory mediators leading to a low-grade systemic inflammatory state.
- Obesity has a broad impact on the body, affecting psychological well-being, neurological function, cardiovascular health, and gastrointestinal health. It also contributes to metabolic disorders. Weight loss can significantly improve overall well-being by improving tissue insulin sensitivity, liver function, beta cell function, and reducing inflammatory markers.
- Current obesity therapies include nutrition therapy, pharmacotherapy, and bariatric surgery. Nutrition therapy requires a multidisciplinary team approach for effective management and comorbidities. Identifying factors leading to obesity and behaviors that maintain it is essential. Prevention of obesity or weight reduction leads to significant improvements in managing comorbidities.
- Lifestyle modification including dietary intervention, calorie restriction, behavioral intervention and physical activity is the foundation of obesity management. Nutritional and eating behavior should include maintaining food diaries, eating slowly and mindfully, and decreasing high-energy foods. The Mediterranean diet, a traditional plant-based diet, is proven to have remission of diabetes, reduction in cardiovascular deaths, and a reduction in cardiovascular diseases.
- Nordic diets, high in plants, are another effective dietary pattern with positive cardiometabolic outcomes. Vegetarian diets also show promise in reducing HbA1c, fasting blood glucose, LDL, and waist circumference. DASH diets, which focuses on lowering blood pressure, advocated for whole grains, vegetables, fruits, and low-fat dairy products showed a reduction in systemic and diastolic blood pressure and improved cardiovascular health.
- Low carbohydrate diets are another approach with the restriction level varying from moderate to very low. The emphasis with low carbohydrate diets should be on plant-derived protein and fat sources to avoid increased mortality linked to saturated fat from animal sources. These diets improve HDL, reduce triglycerides, and improve insulin secretion, with consideration of individual preferences and adherence.
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About the Speakers
Dr.Dhapnee
M.Sc.,PDCR.,PhD Head, Dept of Dietetics, Apollo Hospitals, Chennai
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