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Diagnosis and management of Ectopic pregnancy
An ectopic pregnancy occurs when a fertilised ovum implants outside the normal uterine cavity. It is a common cause of morbidity and occasionally of mortality in women of reproductive age. The aetiology of ectopic pregnancy remains uncertain although a number of risk factors have been identified. Its diagnosis can be difficult. In current practice, in developed countries, diagnosis relies on a combination of ultrasound scanning and serial serum beta-human chorionic gonadotrophin (β-hCG) measurements.5 Ectopic pregnancy is one of the few medical conditions that can be managed expectantly, medically or surgically. In the developed world, between 1% and 2% of all reported pregnancies are ectopic pregnancies (comparable to the incidence of spontaneous twin pregnancy).7 The incidence is thought to be higher in developing countries, but specific numbers are unknown. Although the incidence in the developed world has remained relatively static in recent years, between 1972 and 1992 there was an estimated six-fold rise in the incidence of ectopic pregnancy. This increase was attributed to three factors: an increase in risk factors such as pelvic inflammatory disease and smoking in women of reproductive age, the increased use of assisted reproductive technology (ART) and increased awareness of the condition, facilitated by the development of specialized early pregnancy units (EPUs).
About the Speaker
Dr. Yamini Dhar
Specialist in Obstetrics & Gynaecology, AlZahra Hospitals, UAE
She is committed to continued learning and professional development in all areas, and recognises the role this plays in further enhancement of skills. She has special interests in areas of Maternal & Fetal Medicine, Obstetric Ultrasound Reproductive Health, Colposcopy and Treatment of Cervical Neoplasia. She has teaching experience in practical and theoretical training of RMOs in CTG and surgeries. Additionally she also presented poster - Pilot Study on Colposcopy in Annual Conference, Sheffield UK
Upcoming Case Discussions
New Approach of treatment of Diabetic Neuropathy
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Alpha Lipoic Acid in Oxidative Stress
Alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) is a potent antioxidant that helps combat oxidative stress by neutralizing free radicals. It regenerates other antioxidants like vitamin C and E, enhancing overall antioxidant defense. ALA plays a crucial role in reducing cellular damage caused by conditions like diabetes, neuropathy, and aging. Its ability to function in both water- and fat-soluble environments makes it versatile in protecting various tissues. Regular supplementation of ALA may improve mitochondrial function and reduce inflammation associated with oxidative stress.
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Cardiac dysfunction is common in sepsis and septic shock, requiring careful evaluation for optimal management. Echocardiography is the cornerstone for assessing myocardial function, including ejection fraction and cardiac output. It detects ventricular dilation, reduced contractility, or other abnormalities. Biomarkers like troponins and B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) help identify myocardial injury and stress. Hemodynamic monitoring, using tools like pulmonary artery catheters or pulse contour analysis, provides insights into cardiac output and systemic vascular resistance. Early identification of cardiac dysfunction enables tailored interventions.
Clinician’s Approach to Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
A clinician’s approach to respiratory infections involves a thorough assessment of symptoms, patient history, and risk factors, followed by diagnostic testing such as sputum cultures, chest X-rays, or PCR tests to identify the causative pathogen. Based on the diagnosis, appropriate antimicrobial therapy, supportive care, and close monitoring for complications are initiated, with attention to managing comorbid conditions and preventing the spread of infection.
Cancer and Air Pollution: The Delhi Dilemma
Cancer and air pollution are deeply intertwined in Delhi, where pollution levels rank among the highest globally. Prolonged exposure to particulate matter and carcinogenic toxins in the air increases the risk of respiratory and lung cancers. The city's residents face a significant health burden, particularly vulnerable groups like children and the elderly. Addressing this challenge requires stringent pollution control measures, public health awareness, and policy interventions. The Delhi dilemma underscores the urgent need for sustainable urban planning and environmental regulations to protect public health.