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Diagnosis and management of Ectopic pregnancy
An ectopic pregnancy occurs when a fertilised ovum implants outside the normal uterine cavity. It is a common cause of morbidity and occasionally of mortality in women of reproductive age. The aetiology of ectopic pregnancy remains uncertain although a number of risk factors have been identified. Its diagnosis can be difficult. In current practice, in developed countries, diagnosis relies on a combination of ultrasound scanning and serial serum beta-human chorionic gonadotrophin (β-hCG) measurements.5 Ectopic pregnancy is one of the few medical conditions that can be managed expectantly, medically or surgically. In the developed world, between 1% and 2% of all reported pregnancies are ectopic pregnancies (comparable to the incidence of spontaneous twin pregnancy).7 The incidence is thought to be higher in developing countries, but specific numbers are unknown. Although the incidence in the developed world has remained relatively static in recent years, between 1972 and 1992 there was an estimated six-fold rise in the incidence of ectopic pregnancy. This increase was attributed to three factors: an increase in risk factors such as pelvic inflammatory disease and smoking in women of reproductive age, the increased use of assisted reproductive technology (ART) and increased awareness of the condition, facilitated by the development of specialized early pregnancy units (EPUs).
About the Speaker

Dr. Yamini Dhar
Specialist in Obstetrics & Gynaecology, AlZahra Hospitals, UAE
She is committed to continued learning and professional development in all areas, and recognises the role this plays in further enhancement of skills. She has special interests in areas of Maternal & Fetal Medicine, Obstetric Ultrasound Reproductive Health, Colposcopy and Treatment of Cervical Neoplasia. She has teaching experience in practical and theoretical training of RMOs in CTG and surgeries. Additionally she also presented poster - Pilot Study on Colposcopy in Annual Conference, Sheffield UK
Upcoming Case Discussions
Chest Pain: Cardiac vs Non-Cardiac Causes
Chest pain can arise from both cardiac and non-cardiac causes, making accurate diagnosis crucial. Cardiac-related chest pain is often linked to conditions like angina or heart attacks, typically presenting as pressure or tightness in the chest. Non-cardiac causes may include musculoskeletal issues, acid reflux, or anxiety, often characterized by sharp or localized pain. Symptoms such as pain radiating to the arm, jaw, or shortness of breath may indicate a cardiac origin. A thorough medical evaluation, including ECG and imaging, is essential to determine the underlying cause and ensure appropriate treatment.
Hyperlipidemia: From Diagnosis to Treatment
Hyperlipidemia is a condition characterized by elevated levels of lipids, such as cholesterol and triglycerides, in the blood, which can increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Diagnosis typically involves blood tests measuring lipid profiles, while treatment focuses on lifestyle changes, such as diet and exercise, alongside medications like statins to manage cholesterol levels and reduce cardiovascular risk. Regular monitoring is essential for effective management and prevention of complications.
Role of GLP 1 RA in Weight loss
GLP-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) play a significant role in weight loss by enhancing insulin secretion, inhibiting glucagon release, and slowing gastric emptying, which helps reduce appetite and food intake. These medications, originally developed for managing type 2 diabetes, have been shown to promote substantial weight loss in overweight and obese individuals, even in the absence of diabetes. GLP-1 RAs, such as liraglutide and semaglutide, have been approved for weight management and are often used alongside lifestyle interventions. Their effectiveness in weight loss, combined with improved metabolic control, makes them a promising treatment option for individuals struggling with obesity.
Alpha Lipoic Acid: Pharmacokinetics & Applications
Alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) is a naturally occurring antioxidant involved in mitochondrial energy metabolism. It is rapidly absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body, with high concentrations in the liver and kidneys. ALA is both water- and fat-soluble, allowing it to neutralize free radicals in various environments. It undergoes extensive hepatic metabolism and is excreted primarily via the urine. ALA has therapeutic applications in managing conditions like diabetes, neurodegenerative diseases, and as a supplement for its antioxidant benefits.
Acne: Disorders and Treatment Approaches
Acne is a common dermatological condition caused by clogged pores, excess sebum production, bacterial growth, and inflammation. It can manifest as blackheads, whiteheads, papules, pustules, or cysts, often leading to scarring if untreated. Various factors, including hormonal changes, diet, stress, and genetics, influence its severity. Treatment approaches range from topical and oral medications, such as retinoids, antibiotics, and hormonal therapy, to advanced procedures like chemical peels and laser therapy. A personalized skincare regimen, along with lifestyle modifications, plays a crucial role in managing and preventing acne.