Description
Thyroid disorders are among the most common endocrine issues affecting women, with conditions such as hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism being particularly prevalent. Women are at higher risk due to hormonal fluctuations during puberty, pregnancy, and menopause. Symptoms may include fatigue, weight changes, mood disturbances, and irregular menstrual cycles. Early diagnosis and proper management are crucial to prevent complications like infertility or cardiovascular issues. Regular screenings and a healthy lifestyle can help maintain optimal thyroid health.
Summary Listen
- Bronchiolitis, a lung infection causing inflammation of small airways, is common in children under 2, often caused by RSV virus. Symptoms include cough, wheezing, and breathing difficulty. Diagnosis is primarily clinical, and treatment focuses on supportive care like oxygen therapy and hydration. Severe cases may require hospitalization.
- In adults, bronchiolitis is less frequent and can be caused by viral infections or environmental factors like chemicals and dust. Diagnosis relies on clinical findings, symptoms, and often high-resolution CT scans. Treatment is typically supportive, with oxygen therapy, bronchodilators, and corticosteroids sometimes used.
- Small airway disease, including bronchiolitis, is characterized by inflammatory thickening of small airway walls. While bronchiolitis primarily affects the bronchioles, small airway disease encompasses all airways beyond the segmental bronchi. Acute bronchiolitis, especially in children, is often viral, while non-infective causes include aspiration, acid reflux, and toxicant inhalation.
- The pathogenesis involves stimulation of epithelial cells and macrophages, leading to release of inflammatory cells, chemokines, and cytokines. This results in airway obstruction due to inflammation and fibrosis. The clinical features include air trapping, mucus production, and atelectasis.
- Diagnosis involves routine blood work and viral panels. Treatment includes symptom management, bronchodilators, and, in severe cases, assisted respiration. Antiviral drugs such as oseltamivir for influenza and ribavirin for RSV are used in certain cases.
Sample Certificate
About the Speakers
Dr. V. M. Kohli
Senior Consultant Cardiac Surgeon, Pushpawati Singhania Hospitals, New Delhi
Financial Disclosure
Comments
Comments
You must be logged in to leave a comment.