Description
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is characterized by the development of unforeseen breathlessness within hours to days of an inciting indeed. Survivors of ARDS may recover normal lung function. Still, some of them may have residual lung impairment or patient muscle weakness. Generally, the lung dysfunction is mild, but ARDS can lead to severe lung damage and a reduced health- related quality of life.This webinar will help you understand the best management patterns of ARDS.
Summary Listen
- Anemia is defined as hemoglobin levels below 13.6 g/dL in males and 12 g/dL in females. Anemias are broadly classified based on pathophysiology (diminished production vs. increased destruction) and RBC size (microcytic, normocytic, macrocytic). Diminished production presents with low reticulocyte count, while increased destruction shows elevated reticulocytes.
- The initial evaluation of anemia includes checking platelet count and examining the peripheral smear. If reticulocyte count is low (underproduction), MCV is assessed to determine RBC size. Low MCV (microcytic) prompts an iron profile check (ferritin, transferrin saturation). Normal MCV (normocytic) also requires an iron profile, alongside B12 and folate levels. High MCV (macrocytic) necessitates checking B12, folate, TSH, and alcohol history.
- Iron deficiency anemia, the most common type worldwide, is characterized by low ferritin, low transferrin saturation, low serum iron, and high TIBC. Treatment involves oral or parenteral iron supplementation. Anemia of chronic disease is prevalent in hospitalized patients and those with chronic conditions like rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, chronic infections, CKD, and malignancies.
- B12 deficiency, leading to macrocytic anemia, can manifest with paresthesia, glossitis, and posterior column involvement. Peripheral smear shows macro-ovalocytes and hypersegmented neutrophils. Diagnosis involves checking B12 levels, and treatment includes B12 injections, potentially lifelong for those with gastrointestinal surgeries or Crohn's disease.
- Hemolytic anemias involve increased RBC destruction, leading to elevated reticulocyte count, unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia, increased LDH, and decreased haptoglobin. Intravascular hemolysis can cause hemoglobinuria and hemosiderinuria. Autoimmune hemolytic anemia presents with positive Coombs test and spherocytes. Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia shows schistocytes and requires immediate treatment like IVIG or plasmapheresis.
Sample Certificate
About the Speakers
Dr Bala Sundar
Associate Director- Product and Operations, ValueMomentum
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