Description
Monkeypox is a zoonotic orthopoxvirus that causes disease similar to smallpox,through less severe.Monkeypox was first discovered in 1958 with two outbreaks of a pox-like disease occurred in colonies of monkey kept for research,hence the name ‘Monkeypox’. The disease becomes apparent about two weeks after infection with the onset of fever, headache, general malaise, fatigue and swollen lymph nodes. A few days later a rash of raised bumps appears on the face and body.These eventually crust and fall off, and the disease runs its course in two to four weeks.
Summary Listen
- Monkeypox is a viral disease, a type of pox rash, and a viral zoonosis, meaning it can spread from animals to humans. While symptoms are similar to smallpox, monkeypox is typically less fatal. Eradication of smallpox in the 1980s and subsequent cessation of vaccinations have led to a resurgence of monkeypox as a significant orthopoxvirus.
- The monkeypox virus is a double-stranded DNA virus belonging to the orthopoxvirus genus. Two distinct genetic clades exist: Central African and West African, with the Central African strain having a higher mortality rate. Geographically, Cameroon marks the division between these two strains.
- Clinical presentation includes an incubation period ranging from 5 to 21 days, followed by two phases: the invasion period (0-5 days) with fever, headache, lymphadenopathy, back pain, myalgia, and lethargy. Skin eruptions usually appear within 1-3 days of fever, concentrated on the face and extremities, evolving from macules to papules, vesicles, pustules, and crusts.
- Lymphadenopathy, or swelling of lymph nodes, is a distinctive feature of monkeypox compared to other similar diseases like chickenpox, measles, or smallpox. Diagnosis is confirmed via PCR testing, predominantly conducted at government facilities.
- Treatment is primarily symptomatic, focusing on managing symptoms and preventing complications. Plenty of oral fluids should be provided to prevent dehydration, and adequate nutrition should be encouraged. Antiviral medications developed for smallpox may be useful, but are not widely available or used for monkeypox.
- Healthcare providers face the highest risk of exposure and should maintain strict hygiene practices, including handwashing, mask-wearing, and social distancing. Animal-to-human transmission can be prevented by avoiding unprotected contact with wild animals and ensuring food is adequately cooked.
- Distinguishing monkeypox from chickenpox, measles, bacterial skin infections, scabies, syphilis, and medication allergies is crucial. Although no deaths from monkeypox have been reported in India, it can be fatal. As clinical practitioners, recognizing the signs and symptoms and referring patients to public health authorities for diagnostic testing is vital.
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