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Approach to Fever – History & Examination
Fever in adults is defined as a temperature higher than 38.3 C (100.9 F) that lasts for more than three weeks with no obvious source despite appropriate investigation. The four categories of potential etiology of Fever are classic, nosocomial, immune deficient, and human immunodeficiency virus–related. The four subgroups of the differential diagnosis of Fever are infections, malignancies, autoimmune conditions, and miscellaneous. A thorough history, physical examination, and standard laboratory testing remain the basis of the initial evaluation of the patient with Fever.
About the Speaker
Dr. Raman Kumar
President of Academy of Family Physicians of India (AFPI), President of World Association of Family Physicians of the South Asia Region
Upcoming Case Discussions
H. pylori Treatment with PYELRA®: Best Practices
PYLERA® is a medication used for the treatment of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection, a common cause of stomach ulcers and gastritis. It contains a combination of three active ingredients: bismuth subcitrate potassium, metronidazole, and tetracycline. This combination works synergistically to eradicate H. pylori bacteria and reduce associated symptoms. Treatment with PYLERA® typically involves taking multiple capsules four times a day for a specified duration, as prescribed by a healthcare provider. It is important to follow the treatment regimen as directed and to discuss potential side effects
Fluid Management and Hemodynamic Optimization
Fluid management and hemodynamic optimization are crucial components of patient care in various clinical settings, particularly in critical care, perioperative care, and the management of sepsis and shock. The goal of fluid management is to achieve an optimal balance between fluid administration and removal, ensuring adequate tissue perfusion while minimizing complications associated with fluid overload or depletion. This involves assessing the patient's fluid status, monitoring hemodynamic parameters such as blood pressure, heart rate, cardiac output, and oxygen delivery, and tailoring fluid therapy accordingly. Strategies for hemodynamic optimization may include the use of fluid resuscitation, vasopressors, inotropes, and other interventions aimed at maintaining organ perfusion and function. However, it's essential to individualize treatment based on the patient's specific condition, comorbidities, and response to therapy, while also considering potential risks such as pulmonary edema, renal impairment, and tissue ischemia. Effective fluid management and hemodynamic optimization require a multidisciplinary approach, close monitoring, and ongoing reassessment to optimize patient outcomes while minimizing complications.
Management of Pulmonary Fibrosis
Pulmonary fibrosis is diagnosed through a combination of medical history, imaging studies (like high-resolution CT scans), pulmonary function tests, and sometimes lung biopsies. Treatment often involves medications such as corticosteroids, immunosuppressants (like azathioprine or mycophenolate), and antifibrotic drugs (such as pirfenidone or nintedanib) to slow disease progression and manage symptoms.Supplemental oxygen therapy is commonly prescribed to relieve shortness of breath and improve oxygen levels in the blood. This program combines exercise training, education, and breathing techniques to improve overall physical condition and quality of life. Patients with pulmonary fibrosis should receive vaccinations against influenza and pneumococcal pneumonia to reduce the risk of respiratory infections. In severe cases, lung transplantation may be considered for eligible patients to improve survival and quality of life. Treatments like nutritional support, psychological counseling, and palliative care can provide comprehensive support and symptom management.
Ulcerative colitis: Diagnosis & Management
Ulcerative colitis is diagnosed through a combination of clinical evaluation, laboratory tests, imaging studies, and endoscopic examination of the colon. Key diagnostic tests include stool studies to rule out infections, blood tests for inflammatory markers like C-reactive protein and fecal calprotectin, and colonoscopy with biopsy to visualize the colon and confirm the diagnosis. Imaging studies like CT scans or MRI may be used to assess disease severity and complications such as toxic megacolon or perforation. Management of ulcerative colitis involves a step-wise approach, starting with anti-inflammatory medications like aminosalicylates for mild to moderate disease.Immunosuppressants such as corticosteroids, thiopurines, or biologics (e.g., anti-TNF agents) are used for moderate to severe disease or if patients do not respond to first-line therapy. Regular monitoring of disease activity through symptom assessment, blood tests, and endoscopic evaluation is crucial for disease management and to prevent complications.
Postpartum Haemorrhage (PPH)
Postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) is a significant complication following childbirth, characterized by excessive bleeding within 24 hours of delivery. It's a leading cause of maternal mortality globally. PPH can occur due to various factors, including uterine atony (failure of the uterus to contract), trauma during childbirth, retained placental tissue, or coagulation disorders. Prompt recognition and intervention are crucial to prevent severe consequences. Management typically involve uterine massage, administration of uterotonic medications, uterine artery embolization, or, in severe cases, surgical interventions like hysterectomy. Timely and effective management strategies are essential to reduce maternal morbidity and mortality associated with PPH.
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Fever in adults is defined as a temperature higher than 38.3 C (100.9 F) that lasts for more than three weeks with no obvious source despite appropriate investigation. The four categories of potential etiology of Fever are classic, nosocomial, immune deficient, and human immunodeficiency virus–related. The four subgroups of the differential diagnosis of Fever are infections, malignancies, autoimmune conditions, and miscellaneous. A thorough history, physical examination, and standard laboratory testing remain the basis of the initial evaluation of the patient with Fever.
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Fever in adults is defined as a temperature higher than 38.3 C (100.9 F) that lasts for more than three weeks with no obvious source despite appropriate investigation. The four categories of potential etiology of Fever are classic, nosocomial, immune deficient, and human immunodeficiency virus–related. The four subgroups of the differential diagnosis of Fever are infections, malignancies, autoimmune conditions, and miscellaneous. A thorough history, physical examination, and standard laboratory testing remain the basis of the initial evaluation of the patient with Fever.
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Fever in adults is defined as a temperature higher than 38.3 C (100.9 F) that lasts for more than three weeks with no obvious source despite appropriate investigation. The four categories of potential etiology of Fever are classic, nosocomial, immune deficient, and human immunodeficiency virus–related. The four subgroups of the differential diagnosis of Fever are infections, malignancies, autoimmune conditions, and miscellaneous. A thorough history, physical examination, and standard laboratory testing remain the basis of the initial evaluation of the patient with Fever.
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Fever in adults is defined as a temperature higher than 38.3 C (100.9 F) that lasts for more than three weeks with no obvious source despite appropriate investigation. The four categories of potential etiology of Fever are classic, nosocomial, immune deficient, and human immunodeficiency virus–related. The four subgroups of the differential diagnosis of Fever are infections, malignancies, autoimmune conditions, and miscellaneous. A thorough history, physical examination, and standard laboratory testing remain the basis of the initial evaluation of the patient with Fever.
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Fever in adults is defined as a temperature higher than 38.3 C (100.9 F) that lasts for more than three weeks with no obvious source despite appropriate investigation. The four categories of potential etiology of Fever are classic, nosocomial, immune deficient, and human immunodeficiency virus–related. The four subgroups of the differential diagnosis of Fever are infections, malignancies, autoimmune conditions, and miscellaneous. A thorough history, physical examination, and standard laboratory testing remain the basis of the initial evaluation of the patient with Fever.
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Fever in adults is defined as a temperature higher than 38.3 C (100.9 F) that lasts for more than three weeks with no obvious source despite appropriate investigation. The four categories of potential etiology of Fever are classic, nosocomial, immune deficient, and human immunodeficiency virus–related. The four subgroups of the differential diagnosis of Fever are infections, malignancies, autoimmune conditions, and miscellaneous. A thorough history, physical examination, and standard laboratory testing remain the basis of the initial evaluation of the patient with Fever.
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Fever in adults is defined as a temperature higher than 38.3 C (100.9 F) that lasts for more than three weeks with no obvious source despite appropriate investigation. The four categories of potential etiology of Fever are classic, nosocomial, immune deficient, and human immunodeficiency virus–related. The four subgroups of the differential diagnosis of Fever are infections, malignancies, autoimmune conditions, and miscellaneous. A thorough history, physical examination, and standard laboratory testing remain the basis of the initial evaluation of the patient with Fever.
- 0
Fever in adults is defined as a temperature higher than 38.3 C (100.9 F) that lasts for more than three weeks with no obvious source despite appropriate investigation. The four categories of potential etiology of Fever are classic, nosocomial, immune deficient, and human immunodeficiency virus–related. The four subgroups of the differential diagnosis of Fever are infections, malignancies, autoimmune conditions, and miscellaneous. A thorough history, physical examination, and standard laboratory testing remain the basis of the initial evaluation of the patient with Fever.
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Fever in adults is defined as a temperature higher than 38.3 C (100.9 F) that lasts for more than three weeks with no obvious source despite appropriate investigation. The four categories of potential etiology of Fever are classic, nosocomial, immune deficient, and human immunodeficiency virus–related. The four subgroups of the differential diagnosis of Fever are infections, malignancies, autoimmune conditions, and miscellaneous. A thorough history, physical examination, and standard laboratory testing remain the basis of the initial evaluation of the patient with Fever.
- 0
Fever in adults is defined as a temperature higher than 38.3 C (100.9 F) that lasts for more than three weeks with no obvious source despite appropriate investigation. The four categories of potential etiology of Fever are classic, nosocomial, immune deficient, and human immunodeficiency virus–related. The four subgroups of the differential diagnosis of Fever are infections, malignancies, autoimmune conditions, and miscellaneous. A thorough history, physical examination, and standard laboratory testing remain the basis of the initial evaluation of the patient with Fever.
- 0
Fever in adults is defined as a temperature higher than 38.3 C (100.9 F) that lasts for more than three weeks with no obvious source despite appropriate investigation. The four categories of potential etiology of Fever are classic, nosocomial, immune deficient, and human immunodeficiency virus–related. The four subgroups of the differential diagnosis of Fever are infections, malignancies, autoimmune conditions, and miscellaneous. A thorough history, physical examination, and standard laboratory testing remain the basis of the initial evaluation of the patient with Fever.