Keterangan
Gangguan tiroid termasuk masalah endokrin yang paling umum menyerang wanita, dengan kondisi seperti hipotiroidisme dan hipertiroidisme yang paling umum. Wanita berisiko lebih tinggi karena fluktuasi hormon selama masa pubertas, kehamilan, dan menopause. Gejalanya dapat berupa kelelahan, perubahan berat badan, gangguan suasana hati, dan siklus menstruasi yang tidak teratur. Diagnosis dini dan penanganan yang tepat sangat penting untuk mencegah komplikasi seperti infertilitas atau masalah kardiovaskular. Pemeriksaan rutin dan gaya hidup sehat dapat membantu menjaga kesehatan tiroid yang optimal.
Ringkasan
- Bronchiolitis, a lung infection causing inflammation of small airways, is common in children under 2, often caused by RSV virus. Symptoms include cough, wheezing, and breathing difficulty. Diagnosis is primarily clinical, and treatment focuses on supportive care like oxygen therapy and hydration. Severe cases may require hospitalization.
- In adults, bronchiolitis is less frequent and can be caused by viral infections or environmental factors like chemicals and dust. Diagnosis relies on clinical findings, symptoms, and often high-resolution CT scans. Treatment is typically supportive, with oxygen therapy, bronchodilators, and corticosteroids sometimes used.
- Small airway disease, including bronchiolitis, is characterized by inflammatory thickening of small airway walls. While bronchiolitis primarily affects the bronchioles, small airway disease encompasses all airways beyond the segmental bronchi. Acute bronchiolitis, especially in children, is often viral, while non-infective causes include aspiration, acid reflux, and toxicant inhalation.
- The pathogenesis involves stimulation of epithelial cells and macrophages, leading to release of inflammatory cells, chemokines, and cytokines. This results in airway obstruction due to inflammation and fibrosis. The clinical features include air trapping, mucus production, and atelectasis.
- Diagnosis involves routine blood work and viral panels. Treatment includes symptom management, bronchodilators, and, in severe cases, assisted respiration. Antiviral drugs such as oseltamivir for influenza and ribavirin for RSV are used in certain cases.
Contoh Sertifikat
Tentang Pembicara
Dr. VM Kohli
Konsultan Senior Ahli Bedah Jantung, Rumah Sakit Pushpawati Singhania, New Delhi
Pengungkapan Keuangan
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