Keterangan
Chronic Kidney Disease, often abbreviated as CKD, is a long-term medical condition that affects the kidneys' ability to filter waste and excess fluids from the blood. It is typically a progressive condition, and if left untreated, it can lead to kidney failure, where the kidneys can no longer perform their essential functions. CKD is often asymptomatic in its early stages, making regular monitoring through blood and urine tests critical for early detection.Common risk factors for CKD include high blood pressure, diabetes, family history of kidney disease, and certain infections.
Symptoms of CKD can include fatigue, swelling, changes in urination frequency, blood in urine, and high blood pressure. Lifestyle modifications, such as a kidney-friendly diet low in sodium, potassium, and phosphorus, are often recommended to manage CKD. Medications to control blood pressure, manage diabetes, and treat complications like anemia are common in CKD management.Early diagnosis, proactive management, and working closely with healthcare providers are key to preserving kidney function and improving the quality of life for individuals with CKD.
Ringkasan
- The speaker emphasizes the importance of interpreting serum creatinine levels in the context of patient-specific factors like age, muscle mass, and diet, rather than relying solely on "normal" ranges. They advocate for using the CKD-EPI equation to estimate GFR, particularly in steady-state creatinine conditions, and highlight the need to differentiate physiological creatinine increases from pathological ones.
- Several medications can falsely elevate creatinine levels, leading to misdiagnosis. The speaker cautions against over-reliance on N-acetylcysteine (NAC) for contrast nephropathy prevention, noting that its perceived benefits may stem from interference with certain creatinine testing methods. They recommend a thorough review of patients' drug charts to anticipate potential creatinine fluctuations.
- Proteinuria is identified as an early marker of kidney dysfunction, necessitating thorough investigation even with normal eGFR. Dipstick tests provide a ballpark assessment, but spot urine protein/creatinine ratios are preferred. Proteinuria, irrespective of its origin, signifies increased cardiovascular risk, urging a comprehensive approach to understanding and quantifying its degree.
- The kidney failure risk equation is presented as an objective tool to predict long-term renal outcomes. ACE inhibitors and ARBs are crucial for managing proteinuria and cardiovascular risk.
- Potassium management is critical in CKD due to the increased risk of both hyperkalemia and hypokalemia, each carrying significant cardiovascular risks. Newer potassium binders like patiromer and sodium zirconium cyclosilicate offer advantages over traditional options.
- Anemia in CKD stems from various causes, necessitating comprehensive investigation including iron studies and B12/folate levels. Intravenous iron therapy is considered when ferritin and transferrin saturation are low, and the emergence of HIF-PHD inhibitors marks a new era in anemia management, although their long-term effects are still under study.
- Secondary hypertension, often linked to renal disease, requires thorough investigation, differentiating between acute and chronic causes. Obstructive sleep apnea, primary aldosteronism, and fibromuscular dysplasia are among the conditions to consider. A cost-effective screening panel includes creatinine, electrolytes, urine analysis, calcium, and thyroid studies.
- Pain management in CKD demands careful consideration of NSAIDs. The speaker suggested that NSAIDs can be used in certain clinical scenarios for short durations in patients with CKD, provided appropriate monitoring is in place.
- Nephrology referral is warranted in cases of acute kidney injury unresponsive to treatment, advanced anemia management, family history of kidney disease, presence of red blood cell casts, rapid CKD progression, refractory hypertension, persistent electrolyte abnormalities, and eGFR below 30.
Contoh Sertifikat
Tentang Pembicara
Dr.Krishnam Raju Penmatsa
Consultant Nephrologist & Kidney Transplant Physician Prime Hospital, Dubai Consultant Nephrologist & Kidney Transplant Physician Prime Hospital, Dubaia
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