Keterangan
Managing viral infections in children involves a holistic approach to ensure a swift and effective recovery while minimizing the risk of complications. Maintaining proper hydration is essential. Encourage frequent sips of water, clear fluids, or oral rehydration solutions to prevent dehydration, especially when there is fever, vomiting, or diarrhea. Adequate rest allows the child's immune system to work efficiently. Ensure they get plenty of sleep during their illness. Over-the-counter fever-reducing medications like acetaminophen or ibuprofen can help manage fever and discomfort. Always follow dosing guidelines and consult a healthcare provider if needed. Keep the child isolated to prevent the spread of the virus to others. This is particularly crucial for highly contagious illnesses like influenza or COVID-19. Encourage a balanced diet to support the child's immune system. If they have a reduced appetite, offer smaller, more frequent meals. Teach children proper handwashing techniques to prevent the spread of the virus to themselves and others. Managing viral infections in children requires a combination of supportive care, appropriate medications, and close monitoring. Always consult with a healthcare provider for guidance, especially if the child's condition is severe or not improving as expected.
Ringkasan
- Viruses are tiny agents that invade host cells, causing disease, but also have beneficial applications in gene therapy. They require a host cell to replicate, existing as inert virions outside cells, and come in rod or spherical shapes. Replication occurs through lytic or lysogenic cycles, with some viruses using both.
- Viral infections start when viruses enter the body through breaches like the respiratory or GI epithelium, attaching to host cells and initiating lytic or lysogenic cycles. The virus hijacks cellular metabolism, spreading from cell to cell to cause disease, with the infection subsiding as the immune system responds. Transmission occurs horizontally through environmental contact, direct contact, or vectors, or vertically from mother to baby.
- In childhood and adolescence, 90% of infections are viral, necessitating severity assessment using tools like the traffic light table (green, amber, red) to triage patients. Vaccine-preventable viral infections are categorized alongside treatable and other viral infections, and viruses can affect virtually every organ in the body, from the brain to the intestines. General symptoms include high fever with maintained activity post-fever reduction, chills, unusual fatigue, body aches, stuffy/runny nose, and loss of appetite.
- Measles, a major cause of under-five mortality in India, presents with high-grade fever, cough, red watery eyes, and the classic measles rash. Mumps, common in monsoon season, causes swelling of the parotid gland and can lead to complications like arthritis, encephalitis, and myocarditis. Rubella, another vaccine-preventable disease, manifests as fever, arthralgia, and lymphadenopathy, with significant risks to pregnant women. Chickenpox is recognized by its polymorphic rash with lesions at various stages.
- Influenza is characterized by severe headache and myalgia, and can be differentiated from the common cold by its abrupt onset and high fever. Rotavirus is a leading cause of diarrheal illness in infants, prevented by vaccination. Viral hepatitis includes types A, B, C, D, and E, each with different transmission routes and potential for liver failure. Hepatitis B and C can lead to liver cirrhosis and cancer.
- Hepatitis B treatment depends on the clinical phase, with antiviral therapy considered in immune-active phases. Hepatitis C treatment with newer drugs has a high response rate when started early. Viral infections are tested using PCR and film array techniques, and treatment is difficult due to viruses' reliance on host cells.
- Antiviral drugs can only lessen the duration of disease if used early. Tamiflu is an antiviral for influenza, with specific dosage schedules. Ribavirin is used for RSV bronchiolitis and hepatitis C, while acyclovir is used for varicella-zoster infections. Supportive care involves hydration, temperature control, and avoiding unnecessary antibiotics. Early intervention and timely initiation of therapy are crucial for effective management.
- In Dengue Fever, hospitalization is determined by the patient's inability to take oral medication or the presence of capillary leakage (indicated by a rise in the PCV). Signs of superadded bacterial infection includes unilateral symptoms, a secondary fever spike, or the patient remaining dull or lethargic after the fever spike comes down. The treatment of viral skin infections like warts is mostly for aesthetic purposes and should be decided with adolescents due to the high recurrence rate.
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