Keterangan
There are various types of insulin, including rapid-acting, short-acting, intermediate-acting, and long-acting, each with different onset and duration of action. Basal-Bolus Regimen technique involves using both basal (long-acting) and bolus (rapid-acting) insulin to mimic the body's natural insulin release pattern, providing continuous background insulin and mealtime coverage. Insulin pens are convenient and portable devices for administering insulin. They allow for precise dosage adjustments and discreet insulin delivery. Insulin pumps deliver a continuous infusion of rapid-acting insulin, offering flexibility in insulin dosing and mealtime boluses, particularly beneficial for type 1 diabetes management. Patients on insulin learn to estimate and match their insulin dose to the amount of carbohydrates consumed in meals and snacks, improving glycemic control.Rotating injection sites (abdomen, thighs, buttocks, arms) helps prevent lipohypertrophy and ensures optimal insulin absorption. Individualized glycemic targets are set based on age, diabetes type, and overall health, with the aim of achieving optimal blood glucose control while minimizing hypoglycemia.
Ringkasan
- Diabetes is a prevalent metabolic disease in India, characterized by the body's inability to produce sufficient insulin or effectively metabolize glucose. It exists primarily in two main types: Type 1, often genetic and diagnosed in childhood, requiring insulin dependence; and Type 2, linked to lifestyle and diet, which may or may not require insulin. Gestational diabetes occurs during pregnancy, and pre-diabetes is an often neglected yet crucial stage.
- Type 1 diabetes results from the immune system destroying insulin-producing cells in the pancreas, leading to insulin deficiency. While not preventable due to its genetic predisposition, symptoms include excessive thirst, increased urination, and unusual weight changes. Type 2 diabetes, accounting for 90% of cases, is usually adult-onset and may be initially managed with oral medications.
- Factors contributing to type 2 diabetes include genetics, family history, and race, with a higher prevalence in certain populations. Uncontrolled diabetes leads to severe complications such as wounds that don't heal, heart disease, retinopathy, kidney failure, and stroke. Monitoring involves glucometers, regular blood checkups, and HbA1c level assessments.
- Insulin is a vital component in diabetes management, particularly for Type 1 and those unresponsive to oral medications. It must be administered via parental routes. Delivery methods include syringes, insulin pens, pumps, pods, and jet injectors. Different types of insulins exist, including rapid-acting, intermediate-acting, and long-acting (basal) insulins.
- Smart dosing monitors and smart pens have emerged to address challenges in insulin delivery. These devices aid in data maintenance, ensure accurate dosing, provide alarms for missed doses, and facilitate direct communication with clinicians, improving compliance and glycemic control.
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