Keterangan
Lymphoma is a malignancy that affects white blood cells (lymphocytes) in the lymphatic system, which is part of the body's immune system. The lymphatic system consists of a network of small channels comparable to blood arteries that transport fluid (called lymph), lymph nodes (also known as glands), bone marrow, and various organs, including the spleen, all of which contain lymphocytes. Lymphoma is classified into two types: Hodgkin (HL) and non-Hodgkin (NHL), each with its own set of subgroups. Hodgkin lymphoma, commonly known as Hodgkin's disease, is significantly less prevalent than non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Individual lymphomas differ in their behavior, spread, and response to treatment. Hodgkin lymphoma is identified by the presence of an aberrant cell known as a Reed-Sternberg cell. When it is absent, the malignancy is characterized as non-Hodgkin.
Ringkasan
- Hematological malignancies encompass leukemias, lymphomas, and myelomas, all originating from blood cells. Lymphomas specifically arise from lymphocytes, divided into T cells, B cells, and natural killer cells. B cells mature in the bone marrow and lymph nodes, developing into plasma cells that produce antibodies. These cells express surface markers like CD19 and CD21, with maturation involving germinal center reactions leading to the production of IGG and IGA antibodies. T cells, on the other hand, mature in the thymus and express CD4 or CD8 markers.
- Lymphomas are categorized into Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, with non-Hodgkin's being more common. Non-Hodgkin's can be aggressive or indolent, arising from different zones within the lymph node follicle. Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is a common aggressive type, while follicular lymphoma is a common indolent type. Genetic mutations and risk factors like viruses, bacteria, and immunosuppression contribute to lymphoma development, leading to lymphadenopathy and potential mass effects.
- Diagnosis relies on excisional biopsy, immunohistochemistry, and cytogenetic testing to determine cell origin and chromosomal translocations. Staging follows the Ann Arbor system, indicating the extent of lymph node and extranodal involvement. Treatment typically involves chemotherapy, with or without radiation, depending on the lymphoma type and stage. Tumor lysis syndrome is a potential complication during treatment, requiring careful management.
- Hodgkin's lymphoma is distinguished by Reed-Sternberg cells and a contiguous spread of lymph nodes. It is classified into classic and nodular lymphocyte-predominant types, with nodular sclerosis being the most common classic subtype. Symptoms include painless lymphadenopathy, fever, and itching, sometimes intensified by alcohol consumption. Treatment involves chemotherapy regimens like ABVD, with radiation added in localized stages.
- Long-term complications of lymphoma treatment include cardiotoxicity, pulmonary fibrosis, hypothyroidism, and the potential development of secondary malignancies. Regular follow-up is crucial to monitor for these complications and implement appropriate management strategies. Distinguishing Hodgkin's from non-Hodgkin's lymphoma relies on factors such as the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells, the pattern of lymph node involvement, and the treatment regimens used.
Contoh Sertifikat
Tentang Pembicara
Dr. Jyothi Jonnadula
Konsultan Onkologi Radiasi, Rumah Sakit Renova Century, Hyderbad
Pengungkapan Keuangan
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