Keterangan
The medical management of gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors (GI NETs) involves a comprehensive approach tailored to the specific characteristics of the tumor and the individual patient. For well-differentiated, low-grade tumors that exhibit hormone hypersecretion, somatostatin analogs such as octreotide and lanreotide are commonly used. These agents help control symptoms related to excess hormone production and may also exert antiproliferative effects. Targeted therapies play a significant role in the management of advanced GI NETs. Everolimus, an mTOR inhibitor, and sunitinib, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, are often employed to inhibit pathways involved in tumor growth and angiogenesis. Peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT), using radiolabeled somatostatin analogs such as lutetium-177 DOTATATE, has shown efficacy in slowing tumor progression and providing symptom relief.
Ringkasan
- Cancer was first described in ancient Egypt around 1550 BC, but Hippocrates, around 460 BC, named it "cancer" based on the crab-like appearance he observed during a surgery. For millennia, treatment was limited, often involving alcohol or narcotics for pain relief. The first chemotherapy was only introduced in 1949 in England.
- Worldwide, colorectal cancer is a significant concern for both males and females, ranking as the third most common cancer. In the UAE, approximately 3,480 new cancer cases occur annually, translating to about 13-14 cases daily. Within the UAE, colorectal cancer is also prominent, particularly affecting the sigmoid colon, accounting for about 25% of cases.
- Modern metastatic cancer treatment is rapidly evolving. Ablation, artificial intelligence, and advanced radiotherapy techniques are improving outcomes. AI aids in radiotherapy by simulating treatment areas accurately and quickly, reducing the reliance on manual methods.
- While only a few chemotherapy options existed between 1949 and 2004, a surge in new medications followed. Therapies like Cetuximab, Panitumumab, and immunotherapies have revolutionized treatment. However, resistance to medications remains a challenge, prompting research into modifying molecules using AI to overcome this obstacle.
- AI is playing an increasing role, improving diagnostic accuracy and predicting potential cancer development from subtle changes in scans. Programs can analyze vast datasets of medical images, mimicking the experience of seasoned radiologists. Also, Molecular profiling is becoming essential, including NGS, PDL-1, MSI, MRT, and other markers, to personalize treatment.
- Modern chemotherapy delivery has improved through ports and pumps, enhancing patient comfort and mobility. The Scalp Cooling System (CoolCap) can help preserve hair during chemotherapy by reducing scalp temperature, and modern anti-emetics have minimized chemotherapy-induced nausea.
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