विवरण
Vaccination schedules are carefully designed to provide immunity when children are most vulnerable.Immunizations are administered in a series to ensure full protection over time. Combination vaccines streamline the process, reducing the number of shots required.
Herd immunity, achieved when a significant portion of the population is vaccinated, helps protect those who cannot be vaccinated, such as newborns and individuals with certain medical conditions. Vaccines are rigorously tested for safety and efficacy before approval. Vaccination catch-up schedules are available for children who missed earlier immunizations. Regular booster shots are given to reinforce immunity and maintain protection.
सारांश
- Immunization is defined as the process of making a person immune to an infectious disease by administering all or part of a microorganism or a modified product to stimulate an immune response mimicking natural infection, with the agent known as a vaccine. It prevents millions of deaths annually from diseases like diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, influenza, and measles, and is a crucial component of primary health care.
- Dr. Edward Jenner created the first successful vaccine in 1796 by inoculating an 8-year-old with matter from cowpox sores, discovering immunity to smallpox. The Universal Immunization Program in India was introduced in 1978 and modified in 1985, aiming to cover all districts by 1990. India is now the largest vaccine manufacturer.
- When a person is vaccinated, protein antigens stimulate T cells, leading to the formation of high-affinity antibodies and memory cells. Live vaccines cause multifocal lymph activation and long-term immunity, while killed vaccines require repeated doses and adjuvants.
- Key factors determining immune response include the type of vaccine, schedule, age of vaccination, and technique of administration, emphasizing universal hand washing and safe needle disposal. The vaccines recommended in National Immunization Schedule and by Indian Academy of Pediatrics include BCG, polio (oral and injectable), Hepatitis B, DPT, Hib, Rota virus, PCV, MR, vitamin A, Japanese encephalitis and human papiloma virus.
- Vaccines can be live attenuated (BCG, oral polio, measles, MMR, chickenpox) or killed/inactivated (toxins, toxoids, organisms). They contain antigens, adjuvants to enhance immune response (like aluminum salts), diluents, stabilizers, preservatives, and trace components.
- The cold chain is crucial for storing and transporting vaccines at recommended temperatures (2°C to 8°C) from manufacturing to use. BCG is most heat-sensitive, while DPT, TT, Hepatitis B and Japanese encephalitis are least heat sensitive. Aluminum-adjuvanted vaccines should not be frozen. Multidose vials of measles and MR vaccines must be discarded after each session or after four hours, while vials of DPT, TT, Hepatitis B, and OPV can be used in subsequent sessions within one month if stored properly.
- Contraindications include anaphylaxis to previous doses or vaccine components, and immunosuppressed states. Adverse events can be vaccine reactions, immunization errors, anxiety reactions, coincidental events, or serious adverse events. The VVM (Vaccine Vial Monitor) is used to determine whether the vaccine is fit for use or not.
- The revised National Immunization Schedule includes vaccines from birth through adolescence and pregnancy. The IAP (Indian Academy of Pediatrics) immunization schedule includes the vaccines provided under NIS for free and recommends certain extra vaccines.
नमूना प्रमाण पत्र
वक्ताओं के बारे में
डॉ. कर्नल ओम प्रकाश सिंह
Professor & HOD Pediatrics NMCH,Jamuhar, Sasaram,Bihar
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