विवरण
Since the first in vitro fertilization (IVF) baby was born in 1978, techniques for this procedure have significantly improved. IVF was once only successful in single digits of cases; today, women under 35 years old are successful in about half of these cases. In this webinar , we outline the advancements in laboratory methods and capacity to modify reproductive physiology that have made this progress possible. We will also outline measures to guarantee safety standards in this very important healthcare sector.
सारांश
- In vitro fertilization (IVF) has revolutionized reproductive medicine since the birth of Louise Brown in 1978, offering hope to millions facing infertility. The journey to this success was marked by numerous trials and tribulations, highlighting the perseverance and scientific excellence of pioneers like Edwards and Steptoe. While the Nobel Prize was awarded to Edwards in 2010, the contributions of the entire team are crucial to acknowledge, emphasizing the collective effort behind this groundbreaking achievement.
- The history of assisted reproductive technology (ART) dates back to the late 19th century, with initial attempts at artificial insemination. Significant advancements occurred between 1920 and 1970, fueled by research on female hormones and IVF studies on animals, particularly in the UK, USA, and Australia. Landmark achievements include Cheng's successful IVF pregnancy in a rabbit in the 1950s and Jones and Edwards' fertilization of the first human egg in vitro in 1965.
- IVF involves controlled ovarian hyperstimulation, oocyte retrieval, fertilization, embryo culture, and embryo transfer. Key milestones include embryo-preservation techniques developed by Trounson and Moore in 1983, and the subsequent public availability of egg donation. These advancements have expanded the scope of IVF, addressing various causes of infertility and improving success rates.
- India has also made significant contributions to IVF, with Dr. Subhaz Mukopadhyay's pioneering work, although initially unrecognized, and Dr. Indira Hinduja's officially recognized first IVF baby in the 1980s. Today, IVF is widely available in India, with increasing success rates due to advancements in embryology, lab medicine, and genetics. Legal and ethical considerations must be addressed to ensure responsible and beneficial application.
- Emerging ART procedures include intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), blastocyst culture, assisted hatching, and pre-implantation genetic testing (PGT). Male factor infertility can be addressed through techniques like testicular sperm extraction (TESE) and percutaneous epididymal sperm aspiration (PESA). These techniques, combined with the continuous refinement of existing methods, are paving the way for further success in IVF.
- Indian mythology features intriguing tales related to reproductive biology, some of which, though imaginative, have laid the foundation for scientific innovation. These stories reflect a long-standing interest in reproductive processes and potentially inspired later scientific explorations.
- The rising incidence of infertility globally is attributed to lifestyle factors, social issues, and underlying conditions like endometriosis and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). IVF is indicated in cases of ovulation disorders, fallopian tube damage, endometriosis, male factors, and genetic disorders. However, contraindications include significant risks to maternal health, necessitating careful patient selection.
- Patient preparation for IVF involves consultation, physical and mental assessment, pelvic and uterine cavity assessment, semen analysis, ovarian reserve testing, and screening for infections and genetic carriers. Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) is a potential risk, requiring careful monitoring and management. The ART regulations act of 2021 sets age limits and guidelines for ART clinics and banks, emphasizing ethical and legal frameworks.
- Success in IVF depends on factors such as maternal age, length of infertility, underlying cause of infertility, and gamete and embryo quality. Emerging techniques like time-lapse embryology and improved tissue culture media are also crucial for optimizing outcomes.
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