وصف
Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) is a common cause of bronchiolitis, primarily affecting infants and young children, characterized by inflammation of the small airways in the lungs. Clinical features of RSV bronchiolitis include cough, wheezing, difficulty breathing, nasal congestion, and fever, often presenting with rapid onset and worsening respiratory distress. In severe cases, infants may exhibit signs of respiratory distress, such as retractions, grunting, and cyanosis, necessitating urgent medical attention. Diagnosis of RSV bronchiolitis is often based on clinical presentation and confirmed through laboratory testing, such as nasopharyngeal swabs for RSV antigen detection. Treatment of RSV bronchiolitis is primarily supportive and includes adequate hydration, supplemental oxygen therapy, and monitoring for signs of respiratory failure.
ملخص
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) is a common respiratory virus that typically causes mild, cold-like symptoms, with most people recovering within a week or two. However, it can be serious for infants, the elderly, and those with comorbidities. Common symptoms include runny nose, coughing, fever, decreased appetite, and sneezing. In severe cases, it can progress to increased coughing, wheezing, and lower respiratory tract involvement.
- RSV bronchiolitis is an acute viral infection of the small airways in the lungs, causing significant mortality, especially in the developing world. It is also associated with the later development of chronic lung diseases like asthma. This is why it's important to understand and address RSV infections.
- RSV is the leading viral cause of lower respiratory infection among infants. Worldwide, it leads to a substantial amount of hospitalizations for the children and can cause significant economic burden in the families and nations. In 2015, there were an estimated 33 million cases and 120,000 deaths attributed to RSV infection, with the estimated cost of treating severe cases exceeding $300 million per year.
- The incidence of RSV infection varies seasonally, with winter and fall months being more prevalent in the Northern Hemisphere (December to March), while the southern hemisphere sees a peak in RSV infection rates in monsoon season. Nearly all children are infected with RSV at least once by the age of two. Only a small percentage (2-3%) of children under one year require hospitalization, but this group remains a target for improved health care.
- Risk factors for severe RSV disease include young age, underlying comorbidities (chronic lung disease, congenital anomalies, immunodeficiency, heart disease), and co-infection with other viruses like Rhinovirus. Severe RSV bronchiolitis is associated with an increased risk of asthma later in life. Bronchiolitis, the inflammation of the bronchioles near the alveoli, can lead to gas exchange problems, hypoxemia, and respiratory failure.
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