وصف
Musculoskeletal screening is a systematic examination of the bones, joints, and muscles. The screening typically includes a physical exam, review of medical history, and observation of movement patterns. The assessment helps to determine the cause of pain or injury and guide the development of an appropriate treatment plan. Rehabilitation (RT) is the process of improving or restoring movement, strength, and function to an affected area of the body. The ultimate goal of RT is to reduce pain and improve mobility, allowing for a return to normal activities. RT may be prescribed for a wide range of musculoskeletal conditions, including arthritis, back pain, and sports injuries.
ملخص
- Musculoskeletal screening aims to identify intrinsic risk factors for sport-specific injuries, focusing on prior participation and potential vulnerabilities. Validation and reliability of clinical tests pose challenges, necessitating simple, inexpensive, and easily administered assessments. Lower body injuries are prioritized in assessment structures due to their higher frequency (46-68% of total injuries).
- The assessment includes a questionnaire covering player age, playing history, experience level, playing position (which is often injury-specific), warm-up and cool-down habits, protective equipment usage, and injury recall. Postural assessment, a subjective component, correlates with injury risk, examining shoulder symmetry, rounded shoulders, spinal alignment, hip symmetry, knee hyperextension, and foot pronation.
- Biomechanical changes occur along the kinetic chain. A pronated foot can lead to abduction, eversion, knee valgus, hip rotation/abduction/adduction, pelvic tilt, and spinal lordosis/lateral flexion. Conversely, a supinated foot can cause adduction, inversion, knee varus, hip rotation/abduction, pelvic tilt/elevation, and opposite-side spinal lordosis/lateral flexion.
- Flexibility tests like the active knee extension, passive leg raise, modified Thomas test, and seated bridge test evaluate hamstring, hip flexor, and spinal flexibility. Range of motion tests cover lumbar spine, ankle, shoulder, and hip, with specific ranges correlated to injury risk in baseball, swimming, and soccer. Neural tests, such as the slump test and upper limb tension test, assess neurological problems.
- Safety and strength assessments, including plank holds, single leg bridge tests, and calf heel raise tests, measure core and ankle endurance. Proprioception tests like the multiple hop test and Y balance test evaluate dynamic posture control. Functional Movement Screening (FMS) captures fundamental movement motor control, identifying imbalances between mobility and stability via seven movement tests.
- On-field injury assessment follows the OTAPS protocol: Observe, Touch, Active movement, Passive movement, and Skill test. Rehabilitation focuses on restoring optimal anatomy and function. Principles include avoiding aggravation, proper timing, compliance, individualization, specific sequencing, intensity control, and total patient conditioning.
- Rehabilitation components include pain management, flexibility and joint range of motion, strength and endurance training, proprioception and coordination exercises, functional rehabilitation, orthotic use, and psychological readiness. There are four stages of rehabilitation: protection/mobilization, strength/balance, sport-specific drills, and maintenance/prevention.
- Return to sport requires consideration of time constraints for soft tissue, pain-free range of motion, absence of swelling, adequate strength and endurance, good flexibility/proprioception/speed/agility, cardiovascular endurance, gained skills, psychological readiness, and satisfaction with training. Discussioner is very very important for athletes so that you can prevent the occurrence of injury.
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