विवरण
A 911 call to a dispatch center usually initiates prehospital treatment, which is a crucial component of the emergency health care continuum. Trained professionals who receive such a call routinely assess whether emergency care is necessary. They then send the proper air and ground ambulances as well as other EMS responders to triage, treat, and transport the patient or patients to the proper medical facility, where final care is given. A coordinated and integrated emergency health care system with skilled and equipped staff at hospitals, specialist care facilities, ambulance providers, and dispatch centers provides this continuum of traditional care.
सारांश
- Emergency services are a constitutional right in India, guaranteed under Article 21. Failure to provide these services violates a person's right to life. Key elements include manpower, training, communications, transportation, critical care units, public safety agencies, consumer participation, access to care, patient transfer, and disaster plans.
- Emergency medical service personnel are classified into four levels: emergency medical responders, emergency medical technicians (EMTs), advanced emergency medical technicians, and paramedics. Each level has increasing training and responsibilities, from basic CPR and hemorrhage control to advanced airway management and medication administration.
- Pre-hospital emergency care delivery strategies include "scoop and run," the "golden hour" theory, and "stay and play." The "scoop and run" model, common in Anglo-American systems, emphasizes rapid transport. The "golden hour" theory prioritizes getting patients to an operating room within one hour, especially for trauma cases. "Stay and play," formerly used in French and Belgium, involves on-scene resuscitation before transport.
- Various EMS models exist in India, including the EMRI 108 model, Gen Express scheme, and models in West Bengal and Haryana. The first attempt to establish EMS in India was in Mumbai in 1985, connecting ambulances to a central wireless dispatch.
- Ambulances are categorized as ground or air ambulances, with ground ambulances further divided into type 1, 2, and 3. They can also be classified as Basic Life Support (BLS) or Advanced Life Support (ALS) ambulances based on equipment and capabilities. BLS ambulances provide basic care, while ALS ambulances offer advanced interventions, including cardiac monitoring and medication administration.
- Essential ambulance equipment includes communication devices, electronic patient records, personal protective equipment (PPE), stabilization equipment, and appropriate medications. Key stabilizing equipment involves defibrillators, ECGs, airway management tools, vascular access devices, and spinal and extremity immobilization devices.
- Specific protocols exist for helmet removal in injured athletes. The process involves multiple rescuers to maintain inline stabilization, carefully remove the helmet, and then apply a cervical collar. Additionally, traction splints may be used for long bone fractures, but pelvic binders are necessary for suspected pelvic fractures to minimize bleeding.
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