विवरण
Childhood Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that requires accurate diagnosis and effective treatment approaches. Diagnosis involves a comprehensive assessment of symptoms, including inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity, based on established diagnostic criteria. Symptoms must manifest before the age of 12 and persist for at least six months to meet diagnostic criteria. Evaluation typically includes input from parents, teachers, and caregivers to assess behavior across various settings. ADHD is categorized into predominantly inattentive, predominantly hyperactive-impulsive, or combined presentations, each requiring tailored treatment. Behavioral therapy, including psychoeducation, parent training, and cognitive-behavioral approaches, can be effective in managing symptoms. ADHD often co-occurs with other conditions like anxiety, depression, or learning disabilities, necessitating comprehensive care.
सारांश
- ADHD is a prevalent neurodevelopmental disorder affecting approximately 7.2% of children worldwide, with estimates suggesting higher rates in some regions. It manifests as a triad of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity, impacting both children and adults. Genetic predisposition plays a significant role, with parents who have ADHD having a greater chance of having children with the same condition.
- Brain imaging reveals structural and functional differences in individuals with ADHD, particularly in the prefrontal cortex, which is responsible for executive functions like attention, organization, and self-regulation. The disorder is classified into three subtypes: predominantly inattentive, predominantly hyperactive-impulsive, and combined. Diagnosis relies on the DSM-5 criteria, requiring a detailed assessment of behaviors across multiple settings.
- Differentiating ADHD from other conditions is crucial, as vision problems, hearing impairments, sleep disorders, and other developmental disorders can mimic ADHD symptoms. Executive function deficits, including difficulties with attention, memory, planning, and impulse control, contribute significantly to the challenges faced by individuals with ADHD. These deficits can result in academic underachievement, interpersonal difficulties, and low self-esteem.
- Management of ADHD involves a multi-modal approach, including psychoeducation for the family and child, behavioral interventions, social skills training, and pharmacological interventions. Behavioral interventions, based on operant conditioning principles, focus on modifying the environment and consequences to encourage desired behaviors. Pharmacological interventions include stimulant medications like methylphenidate and non-stimulant options like atomoxetine.
- Medication choices are tailored to individual needs and potential side effects, with careful monitoring of blood pressure, liver function, and mental health. Common comorbidities associated with ADHD include anxiety, conduct disorders, oppositional defiant disorder, and learning disabilities. Untreated ADHD can lead to developmental delays, academic struggles, peer relationship problems, and increased risk of substance abuse and antisocial behavior.
- Effective interventions, started early, can significantly improve outcomes for individuals with ADHD. While hyperactivity and impulsivity may decrease with age, inattention and executive function deficits often persist into adulthood. A multi-disciplinary approach, involving developmental pediatricians, parents, teachers, special educators, and therapists, is essential for comprehensive care.
नमूना प्रमाण पत्र
वक्ताओं के बारे में
डॉ. शुभम रॉय
Director – Shining Stars Child Development Center, South extension-1, New Delhi
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