Description
In diabetes, carbohydrate metabolism is disrupted due to either insufficient insulin production or an inability of the body's cells to respond properly to insulin. Elevated blood sugar levels in diabetes can cause damage to various organs and tissues in the body, including the eyes, kidneys, nerves, and blood vessels. In type 2 diabetes, the body's cells become resistant to insulin, causing blood sugar levels to rise and the pancreas to produce more insulin to compensate. Over time, this can lead to a decline in insulin production and worsening of the condition. Treatment for diabetes typically involves a combination of lifestyle modifications, such as exercise and diet changes, and medications, such as insulin injections or oral medications that help lower blood sugar levels. Carbohydrate counting, which involves tracking the amount of carbohydrates consumed in each meal or snack, can be a helpful tool for managing blood sugar levels in diabetes.
Résumé
- The speaker discusses carbohydrate metabolic defects in diabetes mellitus, focusing on a case scenario of a newly diagnosed type 2 diabetic patient. The patient's fasting blood sugar level is 190 mg/dL, postmill blood sugar is 320 mg/dL, and glycosylated hemoglobin is 9.6%. The patient is obese and has a sedentary lifestyle, with initial treatment involving dietary modifications, physical exercises, and glycate SR 500 mg BD.
- The discussion centers around the causes of raised fasting and postmill blood sugar levels in diabetic patients. The participants are asked to identify the cause of raised fasting blood sugar, with options including increased glycogenesis, glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, or decreased glycogenolysis. They are also asked to identify the cause of raised postmill blood sugar.
- The speaker explains the normal carbohydrate pathways in a healthy person, contrasting low blood glucose (fasting state) with high blood glucose (well-fed state). Glucagon, secreted by pancreatic alpha cells, stimulates the liver to raise blood glucose levels through gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis. Insulin, secreted by pancreatic beta cells, facilitates glucose uptake in peripheral and adipose tissues, converting high blood glucose to low blood glucose.
- The speaker elucidates the roles of glucagon and insulin in carbohydrate metabolism. Glucagon increases blood glucose levels by stimulating gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis, while insulin reduces blood glucose levels by stimulating glycogenesis and glycolysis. In type 2 diabetes mellitus, insulin action is defective, leading to impaired glucose uptake by peripheral tissues and elevated blood glucose levels.
- Gluconeogenesis, the synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors like pyruvate, fatty acids, and acetyl-CoA, is discussed. Glycolysis, the conversion of glucose to pyruvate, is also explained as it relates to gluconeogenesis.
- Glycogenesis (glycogen synthesis from glucose) and glycogenolysis (glycogen breakdown into glucose) are elaborated upon. Insulin stimulates glycogenesis, decreasing blood glucose levels, while glucagon and epinephrine stimulate glycogenolysis, increasing blood glucose levels.
Exemple de certificat
À propos des intervenants
Dr Swati Panbude
Professeur adjoint, biochimie, Institut des sciences médicales Datta Megha, Wardha
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