Description
Menstrual disorders encompass a variety of conditions that affect the regularity and characteristics of the menstrual cycle, significantly impacting a woman's quality of life. Common types include amenorrhea (absence of menstruation), dysmenorrhea (painful periods), menorrhagia (excessive bleeding), oligomenorrhea (infrequent periods), and premenstrual syndrome (PMS). These disorders can result from hormonal imbalances, stress, underlying medical conditions, or lifestyle factors. Symptoms may include irregular or heavy bleeding, severe pain, mood swings, and fatigue. Diagnosis typically involves a thorough medical history, physical exams, and potentially imaging studies or blood tests. Treatment options vary based on the specific disorder and may include lifestyle changes, hormonal therapies, medications for pain relief, or surgical interventions. Early diagnosis and appropriate management are crucial for improving the overall well-being of those affected.
Résumé
- The menstrual cycle is defined as cyclical events during a woman's reproductive period, typically starting around 12-15 years of age (puberty) and ending around 45-50 years of age (menopause). A normal cycle lasts about 28 days, but can vary from 25 to 45 days.
- Day one of the cycle marks the onset of menses, which usually lasts 5-7 days. Afterwards, the follicular phase occurs (days 11-21), during which ova are recruited and eventually released during ovulation around day 14. After ovulation, if pregnancy doesn't occur, a corpus luteum forms, leading to the luteal phase (12-16 days), where hormones prepare the endometrium for potential shedding.
- Ovarian changes during the menstrual cycle involve follicular development and the luteal phase. Ovulation, influenced by LH, releases the ovum. Uterine changes involve the menstrual, polyera, and secretary phases, impacting the endometrium. The cervix and vaginal discharge also change in consistency and amount according to hormonal shifts.
- The menstrual cycle is regulated by a complex system involving the hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, and ovaries. The hypothalamus releases GnRH, stimulating the pituitary to release FSH and LH, which in turn stimulate the ovaries to produce estrogen and progesterone. High or low estrogen/progesterone levels create a negative or positive feedback loop, affecting GnRH, LH, and FSH secretion.
- Menstrual disorders include premenstrual syndrome (PMS), characterized by symptoms before menses due to hormonal changes. Specific conditions include amoria (absence of menstruation), menoria (heavy bleeding), hypom manoria (light bleeding), oligo manoria (infrequent periods), momia (irregular bleeding), and dis manoria (painful periods).
- Dysfunctional uterine bleeding encompasses various abnormal bleeding patterns, and the most important causes for young woman can be hormonal imbalances (such as polycystic ovarian disease). Treatment options include diet and lifestyle modifications, medication (tranexamic acid, Ethan salate), hormonal contraception, GNRH analogs, Merina insertion, and surgical management (homy).
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